Periodisation Justification for football season Essay

Periodisation Justification for football season - Essay Example This issues incorporates their relative wellbeing and other residential issues. At the point when the individual from coachs family is wiped out over the span of preparing period, he ought not go on vacation. Periodization can be characterized as the drawn out variety arranging of the power and volume of preparing. Periodization forestalls overtraining and guarantee execution is ideal at the hypothesized time (Eikenberry 2010). Volume in periodization is measure of activity that is performed either month to month, yearly, or every day. Volume is quantifiable as far as sets in reps. The force is estimated regarding work and time done. The force and volume of preparing can be evaluated regarding exercise volume which is processed by the normal lifted weight (Elliot 2003). The preparation volume can be evaluated by the heap of the volume. Force of the activity is assessed by contending the relative power. Subsequently, preparing power is evaluated by the normal mass that is lifted yearly, month to month, or day by day. In this manner, periodization includes moving the need exercises not identified with sports to exercises that are sports related. Non-sports related exercises incorporates low power and high volume. anyway sport related exercises incorporate the high force and low volume. Periodizat ion in football is significant in light of the fact that it guarantees execution is enhanced and lessens overtraining. Outline 1 and 2 shows the periodization model of a propelled footballer (Francis 2010). For a long time the expert footballers have perceived the requirement for accentuating on different points and goals during and off the season. Their point is to be at top at a particular period. In arranging their activities and instructing over quite a while, the competitors focus on different standards. They standards include: their bodies adjust to less worries at a given period. For instance one can build up their high physiological worry simultaneously build up their

Law of Mirath Essays

Law of Mirath Essays Law of Mirath Paper Law of Mirath Paper Legacy could likewise be feasted as the wording used to mean the science or technique for division of the property of the perished individual among his/her replacements. Muhammad Dashiki, an extraordinary and celebrated Muslim Jurist had characterized progression as a science by which people (beneficiaries) who acquire are recognized from the individuals who don't; the information likewise learn much of the time, the quantum of the offers every inheritor is qualified for take. Everything revolves around the bequest left by an expired individual. The study of Mirth is Shari gives rules which control regarding who acquires and who is to be acquired and what offers go to the beneficiaries. The standards of progression depend on the rules that property which had a place with the perished ought to revert on the individuals who by reason of affiliation or conjugal relations have the most grounded guarantee to profit by it. The passing of an individual achieves move of a large portion of his privileges and commitment to people who endure him. The transmissible rights incorporates all rights to property just as rights associated with property and other ward rights, for example, obligation, right to remuneration and the reimbursable commitments which are fit for being fulfilled out of the perishes bequest. There are a few refrains of the Curran which alludes to legacy gaiety in one manner or the other. For example in the accompanying refrains. To Allah has a place the legacy of the sky and the earth; and Allah is very much familiar with all that you do. L The prophet of Allah (Karri) have likewise implored Allah to be offered replacement to acquire him where he says or said:- And recall Karri, when he cried to his Lord: O my Lord! Leave me not without off-spring, however you are the best of inheritors. 2 The one concerning the prophet of Islam, Muhammad (SAW) where the individuals of Aquarius in Make depended on plot and insults against him. They used to state about him that he was a man with no successors alluding to the early passing of his children. One of them once commented, Do not be wasted time with him; he will pass on without relative and that will be the finish of his strategic. In this manner, one could basically say, jollity is worry with the beneficiary, the home left by the stops individual, ten second AT Illustrating ten bequests all toner yields wanly are fit for being fulfills and the classes of the beneficiaries. The Muslim law of legacy considers the way that the property of the perished ought to be applied essential to the help of people who were qualified for be first upheld by the expired in quite a while life time, and who have extraordinarily endured by his passing. The Muslim law of progression is significant, in certainty it is even one of the most significant part of the family law with its build up decides and guidelines that is managing it. There is even a prophetic colloquialisms, passed on by Bin Major and Dark Quinn in the exemplification of Djakarta al Quarter, proclaims: Try to get familiar with the information on Afraid: show this information to the adolescent: the information on Afraid is half of (the entire religions information. It will be this information that my mother will overlook first. With the above Tahiti we can perceive how extraordinary significance is the securing of the information on legacy that realizing it add up to knowing a large portion of the strict information. With the demise off individual, his female family members and little girls turned into a co-sharer with their male partner as expressed in the accompanying stanzas of the Holy Curran: From what is left by guardians and those closest related there is a bunny for men and an offer for ladies whether the property be little or enormous a determinate charge. Not at all like during the pre-lilacs period where females were precluded the privi lege from securing legacy from the property of their perished family members and even considered them as a major aspect of the legacy to be acquired along with the domain. In the law of progression, property of the perished individual are separated among his beneficiaries in a just premise, rather than giving it all over to the oldest child, as it used to be during the Auxiliary time frame. It additionally takes in to thought those nearest family members who were swinging on the perished. At the point when he was alive and made them to have a biggest advantage. Different family members are additionally considered for legacy like sibling, sister, uncle, child of sister. There is on partiality in the sharing of the property or bequest left, and in the will where by the deceased benefactor shows their inclination to one individual over the other by offering a lot to the person in question and none or almost no to the others. Recompense is likewise made for estate, if the departed benefactor wishes to support an individual or admirable mission. The creation of an inheritance is empowered by the blessed prophet, yet t ought not surpass 33% of the complete property, and ought not be supportive of one of the beneficiaries, yet to the individuals outside the beneficiaries or magnanimous association or mosque and schools. Endowment or will is energized even before the last presentation of the Islamic law of legacy where it says. It is recommended when passing methodologies any of you, on the off chance that he leaves any merchandise, that he make an estate to parent and next if family, as indicated by a sensible utilization. This is expected from Allah dreading individual. On the off chance that any one changes the inheritance in the wake of hearing it, the blame will be on the individuals who roll out the improvement. For Allah hears and knows all things. From the sum total of what that has been said over, one can say that the rights and obligations of the individual don't end with his passing. This is delineated by the standards of legacy wanly control need must De cone rater ten eaten AT ten proprietor Ana Detour ten Tall division of the property among the beneficiaries. The individuals responsible for arranging or isolating the domain are carefully cautioned to have a similar dread in their brain as then would have on the off chance that they had abandoned a vulnerable family. They are to watch the standard of Justice, be caring and supportive.

Ethical Leadership Guide Definition, Qualities, Pros Cons, Examples

Ethical Leadership Guide Definition, Qualities, Pros Cons, Examples “Ethics must begin at the top of an organisation. It is a leadership issue and the chief executive must set the example.” â€" Edward HennessyThe world of business is full of ethical dilemmas, from where to direct scarce resources to serving the local community. Every leader will make ethical decisions, whether or not they acknowledge them at the time. But the decisions they do make can determine whether their leadership is based on an ethical framework or not. © Shutterstock | Gustavo FrazaoIn this guide, we’ll examine the ideas and concepts of ethical leadership. We’ll study the basic principles of ethical leadership and the characteristics ethical leaders showcase. Before detailing a few examples of ethical leaders, we turn our attention to the advantages and disadvantages of being an ethical leader.UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS INFLUENCING ETHICAL LEADERSHIPEthical leadership cannot be discussed without considering the concept of ethics first. The idea of ethical behavior can be different depending on when, from whom and how you ask the question and therefore, the theory requires an understanding of the definition and context of ethics.In this chapter, we’ll examine what ethics means and the modern context of ethical leadership.What is ethics?Ethical behavior is a tricky subject and the difficulties in defining ethics date back to the beginning of humanity. Societies from Ancient Greece to Ancient China have explored the concepts an d ethical behavior is the cornerstone philosophy in almost all of the world’s religions.In its simplest definition, ethics relate to knowing and doing what is ‘right. According to the Oxford Dictionary, ethics is “moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or the conducting of an activity”. By being moral, you are doing what is ‘right’.The problem of ethical behavior comes from defining what is ‘right’. As mentioned above, ‘right’ or indeed good deeds can depend on whom you ask the question. People from different cultures, religions and even from the opposite gender can view certain things as ‘right’ that others would disagree with. The definition of ethical behavior has even changed within similar cultures as society has developed and changed.Defining what the ‘right’ behavior is has always been at the centre of ethics. As we’ll see later in this section, there are different valuations for correct behavior. One of the most common ways to define what’s right comes from asking a set of questions before committing to a specific behavior. According to Patricia Pinnell and Shirley Eagan from West Virginia University Extension, people use four common questions for determining the ethics of an action. These are:The child on your shoulder. Are you OK for doing the action, even if your children are watching?The front paper story. Would you feel OK if the action/behavior became the front-page story in your local newspaper?The golden rule. Are you comfortable for being on the receiving end of this action or decisions?The rule of universality. Would it be OK if everyone in the world would behave or act that way?The idea of the questions is that if you can answer yes, the action or behavior is likely an ethical one.Ethics is therefore open to interpretation. Nonetheless, there are a few defined interpretations of how ethics can be viewed, especially in terms of behavior. Below chart shows some of the common ways of defining ethics.S ituational ethicsThe ‘right’ action is dependent on the context of the situation. This means that the right action might be wrong in another context.As an example, you might be right to lie to someone when they ask your opinion, even though lying in other situations would be considered ethically wrong.Cultural relativismCulture determines what is ‘right’ and it isn’t correct to judge other cultures based on one’s own culture. What is accepted and ethical in one culture might not be so in another.A modern example is the question of animal slaughter, which in certain cultures follows a strict cultural or religious code, which might seem wrong to a Westerner.Professional ethicsThe right is determined by a code of ethics of a specific profession and people in the profession should follow these.The code of ethics, or the Hippocratic Oath, is a good example of professional ethics.Value-based ethicsA person’s personal values should guide their behavior.Everyone has a set of v alues, which they should use to determine the ‘right’ and ‘wrong’. You should always follow your inner voice when judging your own actions.Rule-based ethicsThe rules of specific group or organization determine what is right. These include the society’s rules, religion’s rules and an organization’s rules.An organization might give a guidebook that determines which behaviors are acceptable when dealing with customers, for example.Fairness-based ethicsThe ‘right’ actions and behaviors are determined by their fairness. Everyone should be treated fairly and equally.Generally, uses the ‘golden rule’ as the guiding practice. Ethical behavior is anything that doesn’t discriminate others.Ethics based on general principlesAssumption that there are generally accepted principles, which guide human behavior and therefore, determine what is right.As an example, the ‘right’ actions might occur when you put the greater good ahead of personal interest and try avoiding har ming other people.When discussing ethics, people often think ethics and morality are the same thing. But in order to understand ethical leadership, it can be beneficial to view these two concepts differently.One of the most important ethical philosophers of modern times has been John Rawls, who made a clear distinction between comprehensive moral systems and less comprehensive systems. The distinction can help better understand the idea of ethical leadership.To Rawls, the two differ in the following manner:Comprehensive moral systems cover not just one’s behavior, but also bigger issues such as where one’s place is in the universe. These moral systems would include the world’s religions, for example.Less comprehensive moral systems would only cover areas of politics, social, and economics.Therefore, morality is generally based on much broader set of values and beliefs. These can or cannot be logically coherent. Whereas ethics is based on social norms, following coherent philos ophical principles. Nonetheless, morality can form a basis for ethical leadership, such as ethical leadership.The modern context of ethical leadershipEthical leadership is essentially a leadership theory, which uses the above ethical concepts as a guide to managing subordinates. Since ethics deals with the principles of ‘right’ behavior and leadership with influencing other people to achieve goals, ethical leadership is influencing people through ethics.The rise of ethical leadership can be traced back to the scandals inside the corporate world in recent decades. The fall of big organizations such as Enron and the Lehman Brothers has partly been blamed for unethical behavior and therefore, there’s been a call for a more ethical leadership to appear. In a qualitative study published in 2010, Plinio, Young and Lavery concluded the lack of ethical leadership and poor ethical behavior is among the biggest problems modern organizations face.Ethical leadership is considered to be on e solution for creating a balance between the wellbeing of the subordinates and the wider community, and the organizations profitability. The theory understands the importance of trust and good relationships. In essence, modern ethical leadership theory places importance on the idea of service. The theory is therefore somewhat close to Robert Greenleaf’s concept of servant leadership. Greenleaf wrote in 1977, in his famous book Servant Leadership, “Service to followers is the primary responsibility of leaders and the essence of ethical leadership”.Ethical leadership often takes the form of three separate approaches to leadership. The three have historical and philosophical foundations and all three emphasize different aspects in decision-making.First approach is Utilitarianism Theory, which sees the leader maximizing the welfare of the subordinates. The focus is on ensuring the subordinates feel good and are happy, before deciding on an action. Concern is on the proper ends of the action, not necessarily on how you get there. The approach is closely associated with John Stuart Mill and the ethical cost-benefit analysis.The second approach focuses on the Libertarianism Theory. The leader is to protect the freedom of the individuals as the main concern. If an action or decision would restrain the subordinate’s freedom, then the leader would not proceed with the course of action. The concern is on the intent of individuals. The approach follows Aristotle’s idea of virtue ethics or eudaimonism.Finally, the last approach to leadership emphasizes Immanuel Kant’s Ethical Theory of doing the right thing. The approach to decision-making is therefore looking at the proper means. Moral and ethical actions come from understanding what are the rules and customs of the organization and following these. The idea is that by understanding these common, agreed values, a leader can make the right decisions.In the modern context, ethical leadership theories often emph asize either one of the above approaches or a mixture of the three. Importantly, ethical leadership requires a leader to act and lead in an ethical way. This generally means ethical leadership is both visible and invisible. Leader’s actions should show in public and give reassurance to subordinates about the ethical behavior, but the leader must also think in an ethical manner. The leadership theory requires the leader to have ethics as an integral part of their everyday framework.Ethical leadership should also be understood through the lens of its influence over other leadership theories. Being ethical is a core part of other leadership styles and a strong ethical foundation is required for styles such as transformational and charismatic leadership. While strong ethical outlook is required for these leadership theories, ethical leadership places the biggest emphasis on implementing ethical values to every aspect of leadership.In their 2006 analysis of ethical leadership, Michael E. Brown and Linda K. Treviño compared ethical leadership with other notable leadership theories. While the similarities are often clear, Brown and Treviño concluded that, “ethical leaders explicitly focus attention on ethical standards through communication and accountability processes”. It’s precisely this aspect of ethical leadership that separates it from authentic, charismatic and transformational leadership.THE CORE ELEMENTS OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIPThe above explored the concept of ethical leadership and how the theory has developed in modern context. Let’s now turn our attention to the core elements of ethical leadership. What does it mean to lead in an ethical manner?Components of ethical leadership frameworkThe above showed how ethics and ethical behavior could manifest in a number of different ways. The idea of ‘doing the right thing’ can depend on your approach and whether you focus on the means or the end goals, for example. Therefore, ethical leadership requi res a solid framework to work. There are three core components of the ethical leadership framework:Internal uniformity â€" Different elements within the organization must be ethically consistent and not have contradictions.Proactivity â€" The framework should tell people what to do, instead of outlining the things you shouldn’t do. Ethical leadership framework looks forward and acts pre-emptively.Vigour  â€"The framework is regularly re-examined and updated according to the needs of the organization and the subordinates. In short, the framework is dynamic instead of a static system.Ethical framework helps a leader and the organization to make decisions and approach actions with a coherent plan, instead of having to constantly re-think and assess the situation. A framework will not provide ethical leaders with a clear decision each time, but it makes it easier to analyze the situation and to listen to other people’s opinions regarding the matter.The best way to go about creating an ethical framework requires you to follow a few simple steps. First, the leader’s ethical framework should always align with that of the organization he or she is leading. Consider the example of having to lead an organization that believes the leader should solely do decision-making, whereas you are a strong believer in collaboration. The ideologies will clash and cause problems. The exemption to the rule is a situation where the organization is seeking for a leader to change the current ethical framework.The above also points out to another important implication of ethical leadership. The leadership theory strongly encourages the leader to place the vision and mission of the organization at the core of decision-making. Therefore, the basis for the framework and decision-making should always be accomplishing and following the organizations mission statement and existing framework.The other important step is to ensure the ethical framework guiding the leadership is visible and p art of the larger conversation within the company. Ethical leadership should always be explained, as well as re-examined. Subordinates have the right to understand why decisions are made the way they are and to have their own say about things. As mentioned before, ethical leadership is not a static state; therefore, different opinions and changes within the organization will and should influence the framework and shape it to match the vision.In addition, ethical leadership should remain a shared process. This means that ethical leadership encourages and empowers others to take the lead. It has a big mentoring component attached to it, which calls for people to experience the difficulties of leadership. The idea of this is to guarantee an organization is never in a position where leadership is not available.Finally, ethical framework alone won’t help achieve ethical leadership. In the theory, ethical thought must always be followed by action. Holding ethical principles is not enoug h to constitute to ethical leadership. Integrating ethical leadershipIn terms of integrating ethical leadership and ethical framework into an organization, the focus on openness and communication is the key. Linda Fisher Thornton established seven practices to integrating ethical leadership into an organization in her 2013 book 7 Lenses: Learning the Principles and Practices of Ethical Leadership.#1 Facing the complexity ethical decisions bring aboutAs mentioned earlier, communication is key to ethical leadership. The framework must be outlined clearly and people should be aware of the ethical standards in use. Furthermore, the decision-making process should be openly discussed, even when it requires difficult decisions.Open communication on ethical standards and decisions will develop subordinates’ sense of ethics and can help them make better decisions as well.#2 Not separating ethics from other business activitiesThornton also highlights the importance of implementing ethical l eadership throughout the organization. Ethics shouldn’t be only considered at times of trouble or big decision-making, but rather also part of the day-to-day business.Everything within the company should be done with the ethical framework in mind. This includes training and hiring new employees, as well as making deals with other companies. If standards are not kept, the ethical leadership base, which relies on trust and example, will erode. It creates an environment where subordinates and other stakeholders won’t know what promise will be kept.#3 Not allowing negative interpersonal behaviors to erode trustFor ethical leadership to work, the leader must be able to create meaningful relationships with the subordinates. These relationships must then rely on trust, respect and open communication.Ethical leadership understands the difficulties in interpersonal behavior in organizations. People’s differing opinions on ethics shouldn’t be treated with negativity, but rather cultiv ate a relationship within the organization where different views can be discussed. After all, ethical leadership relies on development and growth.#4 Seeing ethics beyond laws and regulationsWhile one aspect of ethics clearly believes that ethical behavior can be determined by the focus on following laws and regulations, ethical leadership should embrace ethics more widely.Organizations shouldn’t just consider doing the right thing in terms of what the regulations say, but to express ethics in a wider framework of social justice and sustainability.#5 Not exempting subordinates from ethical expectationsJust as ethical leadership should be implemented organization-wide and in day-to-day activities, the subordinates shouldn’t be exempt from meeting the ethical expectations set by the framework.People should be aware of the framework and the ethical behavior that is paramount for the team, and they should behave accordingly.#6 Celebrating positive ethical momentsAlthough it’s impor tant to hold people accountable in terms of ethical behavior, the framework also requires celebrating positive achievements. Since the leadership calls for proactive behavior instead of reactive, leaders should be focusing on the positive outlook.The focus should be on implementing and enforcing the right model and framework for ethical leadership, instead of pointing out what it shouldn’t look like.#7 Understanding ethics to be a long-term developmentFinally, ethical leadership is a long-term development plan and framework. It’s not about quick fixes and it can take a long-time to develop a strong ethical behavior across an organization. Importantly, ethical leadership is never a finished process, but the framework should change with the organization and with time.As mentioned above, ethics change according to time and therefore, what the organization does now might not be considered ethical by its own standards within thirty years.THE QUALITIES OF AN ETHICAL LEADEREthical phil osophy is not a static framework people are born with. As the examples above have shown, ethical behavior can be determined in many ways. People develop internal ethical frameworks over time, with different experiences and life events influencing the ethical approach. Therefore, the qualities of ethical leaders are not innate, but rather, can be enforced and developed throughout the leader’s life.Furthermore, your life experiences can reinforce or reignite specific ethical ideas within you. Your ethical leader framework will be a constant examination of your own behaviors and qualities.In this section, we’ll examine the qualities ethical leaders highlight, before providing you with an idea of the actions an ethical leader should take in their everyday life.Before you venture into reading about the characteristics, watch the interview of Apple CEO Tim Cook explaining how he developed his ethical compass: The core characteristics of ethical leadersThere are specific characteristic s ethical leaders showcase. The traits you should focus on as an ethical leader include the following.ConscientiousStudies on ethical leadership has shown one of the most crucial traits of an ethical leader is being conscientious. Fred Walumbwa and John Schaubroeck’s research published in the Journal of Applied Psychology in 2009 and Karianne Kalshoven, Deanne Den Hartog and Annebel De Hoogh’s paper on ethical leadership, published in the Journal of Business Ethics in 2011, pointed out ethical leader’s ability to be thorough, careful and vigilant.Ethical leaders take their positions seriously and they want to succeed in their role. Furthermore, they want to help empower others and ensure the organization and subordinates they serve are succeeding. The leader focuses on the diligence and dedication to get the job done.Conscientiousness also means the leader should showcase strong moral identity. An ethical leader wants to define and think of him- or herself as a good person. Th ere is a concern present for doing the right thing and perhaps more importantly, of thinking what the right action would be.Conscientiousness and moral identity are perhaps the traits innate in an ethical leader. The willingness to consider ethics and to behave in a moral manner is something that stems from the inside and it can be hard to instill in a person. Nonetheless, as a leader, you want to start thinking about your actions more often and to consider the ethical implications of making choices.InclusiveEthical leaders are inclusive. This means that they are open to other opinions and encourage people to voice different ideas within the organization. But on top of this type of communicative and collaborative inclusiveness, ethical leaders also work with people from all sorts of backgrounds. An ethical leader understands the benefits of a diverse work environment, and therefore, wants the organization to be more inclusive of people from different ethnicities, races, cultures and backgrounds.Inclusiveness requires understanding as well as acceptance of different people and of differing opinions. An ethical leader must therefore educate him- or herself in a variety of things, such as cultures and gender identity. It’s important to be open to listen at all times without passing judgment. Perhaps importantly, an ethical leader should remember that while ideas can be criticized, people shouldn’t.AccountableAccountability is another important characteristic of an ethical leader. The responsibility of ethical leadership must be treated with respect and in a serious manner. As mentioned before, by doing what you are saying, you can show true ethical leadership and therefore build trust among the subordinates. You must, as a leader, be responsible for the actions and decisions.The modern corporate world has shown examples of the importance of accountability at the highest level. During the Enron scandal, the Chairman and CEO, Ken Lay and Jeffrey Skilling, argue d against their accountability in the context of not knowing about the illegal accounting practices.But the point isn’t as much whether these leaders actually knew or not, since they should have known because of their position. The responsibility of being in charge and ensuring the ethical standards are upheld fall ultimately on the leaders and an ethical leader would take responsibility.ConsiderateConsiderate behavior is important for an ethical leader in two separate senses. First, an ethical leader must consider all of his or her actions and find the ways to minimize harm. Indeed, Rushworth Kidder presents moral dilemmas in his book How Good People Make Tough Choices, not as a choice between right and wrong, but between two rights (or two wrongs).Ethical leaders will often be faced with situations where both actions might do good or harm, yet they have to be considerate of choosing the ‘best’ solution for the situation, keeping in mind the overall ethical framework of his o r her leadership and the vision of the organization.The second type of consideration requires the proper treatment of subordinates and other stakeholders. The characteristics of treating people with fairness and honesty might seem rather obvious, but it’s, nonetheless, an important trait a leader would want to focus on. The key thing to remember is that the saying, “everyone is equal”, does not mean that each subordinate is the same. Rather, the saying implies that the worth of each subordinate should never be different in the eyes of the leader.ConsistentAll of the above traits are enhanced by consistency. As mentioned above, ethical leadership framework must be present at all times and an ethical leader must showcase consistency in his or her approach. An ethical leader can inspire the workforce by staying true to his or her own ethical standards. Rules and regulations shouldn’t be seen as an obstacle you could bend if the situation requires it. As a leader, you shouldn’ t high higher standards in a specific field, such as labor standards, if you are willing to overlook certain other regulations, such as environmental standards.Consistency is also required in the way you treat subordinates and stakeholders. You must outline the rules and the ethical framework and hold on to these standards when you deal with people. You can’t tell off someone for doing something you wouldn’t punish for in another situation.AuthoritativeEthical leaders must learn to be authoritative and to use his or her power. But there are important distinctions in how autocratic or authoritarian leaders use power and how ethical leaders control the subordinates. Whereas in the more authoritarian models decision-making is in the hands of the leader, in ethical leadership there must be collaboration in the process. It doesn’t mean that the ethical leader wouldn’t be in charge of the final decision, but only implies the authority is structured in a way other people can share it with the leader.Importantly, there is a distinction in the use of power. In his book, Escape from Freedom, Erich Fromm distinguished two separate ideas of power. First, there is the power over, which allows leaders to use subordinates in order to achieve an end. Power to means the ends can be achieved without using one’s power to force others in doing something. Notice the latter doesn’t mean leaders wouldn’t need help, for instance, but only that others don’t act through coercion or force.Power for an ethical leader is about the latter option. The focus is to achieve the ends, not to gain personal accomplishments or to prove you are better than others. In essence, ethical leaders use authority as a mean to empower others and sharing responsibilities and power is seen as a means to increase the chances of success.Key actions of ethical leadersIn addition to the above traits, ethical leaders also engage in specific actions as part of their leadership. Below are some of the things an ethical leader should focus on in order to improve his or her ethical behavior and build more trust with the subordinates.Creating I-Thou relationshipsFor the organization to work, positive relationships are required. Ethical leadership focuses on relationships that rely on respect and trust, even when there isn’t always agreement. It’s important to trust each member within the team, even if you don’t always agree with the decisions. German philosopher and theologian Martin Buber called these as I-Thou relationships. The distinction between the I-Thou relationships and the I-It relationships is explained on slide 8 of the following presentation.[slideshare id=15576061doc=chapter9-121210133609-phpapp01w=640h=330]The ethical leader must embrace subordinates as valuable and important to the organization and its success. There must be a level of respect, even if the leader doesn’t always see eye-to-eye with the person.In order to create the I-Thou dialogue and relatio nship, the leader must treat subordinates with trust and respect. This requires honesty in saying what needs to be said. Whilst ethical leader never wants to intentionally hurt anyone, the leader should not sugar-coat things either. If you are honest and you respect other people’s opinion, they will respond with the trust.As a leader, you must also place the interests of the organization before your own self-interest. You can’t expect respect from subordinates or other stakeholders, if your decisions are based on what is good for you. The accountability factor plays a crucial role in this aspect, as you need to be willing to put yourself on the line if it’s in the interest of the organization and the common good.Setting up proper communication and collaboration channelsCommunication and collaboration are the cornerstones of ethical leadership. An ethical leader must set up proper communication channels to allow feedback to fly in both directions. With proper communication come s less rumors, suspicion and ultimately resentment, as people can be more aware of what is happening around them. Creating an open culture and one that enforces explanations will help build more trust and respect among the theme.In order to have proper communication, you should improve your overall communication skills. This includes understanding the importance of verbal and non-verbal communication and to strive for clarity in expression.In addition to communication, you want to pay attention to collaboration. Collaboration means asking for ideas and channeling power to other people. If you allow people to take the lead and you trust their ability to make good choices, you will gain further respect.Harness your communication skills by watching this video. Striving to increase your competenceLeaders must be competent and knowledgeable, as this is the main reason they are trusted in the first place. Ethical leaders should be striving to increase their competence and to enhance their own skillset â€" just as they should expect the subordinates do.In part, this might require you to admit your shortcomings. You should forget about the notion that showing imperfections is a sign of weakness, and instead celebrate your ability to admit you need help. Delegating is not a dirty word in ethical leadership. You should never accept responsibilities or tasks as a leader you are not competent in doing.Furthermore, you need to continuously educate yourself and discuss the industry and the leadership position with other leaders. You want to enhance your understanding of the organization and everything relating to the industry, but also improve your ability to be ethical and to lead other people.Re-examining your ethical behavior and valuesBy now you should have understood that ethical leadership is a journey, which doesn’t finish. Ethical leaders don’t wake up one day and feel they’ve become ‘the best they can be’. Rather you need to be constantly prepared to re-e xamine and re-evaluate your own behavior and the ethical framework you adhere to.Consider your values and ethics regularly and allow yourself to be challenged. Don’t defend your arguments or behavior blindly, but openly consider you might have to learn something new. Don’t give up on your high standards in the face of adversity. Remind yourself and others around you of the benefits of ethical behavior and the things you’ve been able to achieve and accomplish with ethical behavior.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIPEthical leadership has been closely scrutinized, perhaps because of its nature to focus on such grandiose concepts such as ethics. While it has a number of tangible advantages, the leadership theory is not always the best approach to solving organizational problems.Advantages of ethical leadershipPerhaps the biggest advantage of ethical leadership is how it leads to better rates of job satisfaction, which in turn improves employee commitment. In the 20 09 study, Walumbwa and Schaubroeck found employees under ethical leadership to be less likely to leave the job and overall, the employees were more happy and helpful.The increased job satisfaction is driven by the leadership theory’s focus on communication and collaboration. An employee won’t feel out of line for expressing their opinion and the relationship between the people in higher ranks and the people in lower positions is based on mutual respect. Each individual is treated with respect and the work they do is appreciated.Furthermore, since ethical leaders lead by example, the helpful behavior is likely to spread across the organization. Ethical leaders shape the organization and therefore, the organization will attract people whose own moral and ethical framework is similar to that of the leader and the organization. In fact, David Mayer et al found in a study published in 2012 that ethical leadership reduces unethical behavior in subordinates. Therefore, the leadership t heory has a powerful impact across the whole society.The strong ethical framework and leadership example can also help ensure employees report on problems quicker. Issues that might not arise otherwise can become something subordinates feel compelled to discuss with the leadership, which can guarantee the organization won’t run into troubles later. For instance, in companies such as Enron, a stronger ethical framework would have alerted the leadership about the wrongdoing (assuming they didn’t know about it).Ethical leadership can also provide an additional collaborative benefit to an organization. As mentioned above, ethical leadership framework embraces collaboration and this doesn’t just imply co-operation within the organization. Ethical companies also collaborate with other organizations that share the same ethical framework. The open approach to dealing with other organizations and being a trustworthy partner can boost innovation within the organization.Overall, the lead ership model can reduce business liability and prevent costly errors within the organization. In fact, a Harvard Business Review summarized a study, which found that good leadership could boost a company’s bottom line. Employees, who marked their CEOs higher for character qualities, saw the organization have an average return on assets of 9.35% over a two-year period. This was almost five times the average return of the organizations with lower character ratings.Disadvantages of ethical leadershipDespite the positive elements ethical leadership can provide to an organization, it arguable can cause issues as well. Ethical leadership requires the leader’s ethical framework to fall in line with the vision of the organization. But it’s not just the leader and the organization that need to be aligned, the subordinates can find it difficult working in an environment with certain ethical standards. You should be aware by now that ethical behavior depends on the person’s worldview a nd therefore, ethical behavior of an organization might not be considered ethical by another person. The different ethical frameworks can cause tension within an organization and therefore, certain people might not find the environment pleasant or welcoming.Furthermore, ethical leadership can be rather dependent on the leader’s ability to influence. In a way, ethical leadership has charismatic leadership tendencies, which means people might be following the leader without a critical approach. This can mean that employees trust the leader so much, they forget about the leader’s humanity â€" meaning they are blind to any mistakes or problems. For an organization, a blue-eyed approach to following the leader can be devastating in terms of making the right decisions.Ethics are difficult and upholding high ethical standards at all times can be extremely complicated. The so-called grey areas are more than likely to arise and cause issues. The problem for organization is upholding ethi cs while trying to maintain a positive bottom line. In certain situations, such as keeping up with regulations, the costs can go up and therefore make ethical leadership financially harmful for the business. The downsides in terms of finances tend to be short-term, but the short-term impact can be crucial for new companies, for example.With ethical leadership, organizations are going to have to pay more attention to policies. Clarity is paramount for the leadership model and this can mean the need for clear and coherent policies, rules and regulations. The more detailed the policies, the easier it is to guarantee proper ethical standards are upheld. But this can mean plenty of extra work, especially at the start. The rigorous clarity and consistency could be challenging, especially for smaller organizations.Finally, as eluded above, the requirements for consistency could act as a drawback. Ethical leadership can be difficult to maintain, but if you step out of the framework once, yo u can damage the respect earned with your subordinates and other stakeholders. Claiming to be an ethical leader and not acting in an ethical manner could be worse than following another framework but implementing ethical behaviors in occasionally.EXAMPLES OF FAMOUS ETHICAL LEADERSTo highlight ethical leadership in the real world, we’ve gathered a few examples of ethical leaders. Through these examples you can see how ethical leadership works in practice and perhaps notice better the advantages and disadvantages it entails.James Burke / JJJames Burke is often one of the first examples of ethical leader people give and when you understand the story, you understand why. Burke’s ethical leadership highlights the difficulties of the corporate world and the need of creating a trust-based relationship with the organizations customers.Burke’s ethical leadership became evident during a Tylenol Crisis his company JJ faced in the fall of 1982. Burke took immediate action to have all the company’s Tylenol capsules removed across the country, although this created a large financial loss for the organization. He went even further than that. He allowed the media to follow company meetings, he spoke on several occasions on TV and he introduced new protections to the way the organization packaged its products. The costs weren’t added to the price, but were absorbed by the organization.In an interview for a 2004 book Lasting Leadership, Burke said,“You tell me any human relationship that works without trust, whether it is a marriage or a friendship or a social interaction; in the long run, the same thing is true about business.”Tony Hsieh / ZapposTony Hsieh has achieved meteoric success with his online shoe retailer Zappos. The organization started in 1999 and turned the retailer market upside down. The success can partly be put down to Hsieh’s ability to put ethics at the core of what the company does.David Henderson interviewed Hsieh for his book Making News i n the Digital Era and the ethical revolutionary pointed out two important parts of leadership. First, the company knew it had to embrace transparency â€" it wouldn’t achieve its objectives by trying to hide from its customers. Second, Zappos has tried to create a company culture on core values.Hsieh made an interesting point about core values in the interview stating,“It doesn’t really matter what the core values are, as long as the entire organization commits to those core values. The most important thing in any large organization is alignment [around values and vision].”Howard Schultz / StarbucksStarbucks has consistently appeared on the World’s Most Ethical Companies list by the Ethisphere Institute. Large part of the company’s ethical approach to making business has stemmed from its leader Howard Schultz, who has always put employee wellbeing at the heart of the organization.Schultz wanted to ensure all employees receive access to healthcare, even if they work part-t ime for the organization. The coffee is sourced ethically and there is emphasis on sustainability throughout the business, from choosing business partners to providing the service to customers.The company’s leader has also received personal accolades, continuously ranking high on the Glassdoor’s list of Highest Rated CEOs. Schultz has been recognized for understanding that great customer service starts from happy employees. Through ethical leadership, he has been able to inspire employees to serve better.Interestingly, Starbucks is also a good example of the scrutiny ethical leadership brings about. Because the company has set such high standards to itself, protesters regularly point out to any problems the company might have in meeting its targets.You should watch the start of this interesting talk with Howard Schultz at the 2012 Aspen Ideas Festival. The conversation tries to answer the questions “Can corporate values drive shareholder value?” The whole video is rather lon g, but the starting minutes are the most crucial to understanding ethical leadership. FINAL THOUGHTSEthics is part of the discussion when it comes to leadership, as leaders and organizations have to make ethical choices every day. The kind of role these ethical decisions take within the organization naturally depend on the leadership style and the vision the company wants to use. Ethical leadership is a model, which emphasizes the importance of ethics in decision-making and highlights the positive impact the leadership style can have.Ethical leadership is based on trust and respect. For the framework to work, ethical leaders must align their own ethical standards with those of the organization and ensure there is an environment of openness. Ethics isn’t a stagnant concept, but it requires constant challenging and re-evaluation in order to provide the benefits.But the dynamic nature of the leadership theory also makes ethical leadership challenging to accomplish. Consistency can be difficult to maintain and aligning different ethical standards will be crucial for leadership success. Nonetheless, having a well-thought ethical framework can help in the decision-making process, especially in today’s complex world. 55 â€" Ethical Leadership Guide Definition, Qualities, Pros Cons, Examples

Ethical Leadership Guide Definition, Qualities, Pros Cons, Examples

Ethical Leadership Guide Definition, Qualities, Pros Cons, Examples “Ethics must begin at the top of an organisation. It is a leadership issue and the chief executive must set the example.” â€" Edward HennessyThe world of business is full of ethical dilemmas, from where to direct scarce resources to serving the local community. Every leader will make ethical decisions, whether or not they acknowledge them at the time. But the decisions they do make can determine whether their leadership is based on an ethical framework or not. © Shutterstock | Gustavo FrazaoIn this guide, we’ll examine the ideas and concepts of ethical leadership. We’ll study the basic principles of ethical leadership and the characteristics ethical leaders showcase. Before detailing a few examples of ethical leaders, we turn our attention to the advantages and disadvantages of being an ethical leader.UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS INFLUENCING ETHICAL LEADERSHIPEthical leadership cannot be discussed without considering the concept of ethics first. The idea of ethical behavior can be different depending on when, from whom and how you ask the question and therefore, the theory requires an understanding of the definition and context of ethics.In this chapter, we’ll examine what ethics means and the modern context of ethical leadership.What is ethics?Ethical behavior is a tricky subject and the difficulties in defining ethics date back to the beginning of humanity. Societies from Ancient Greece to Ancient China have explored the concepts an d ethical behavior is the cornerstone philosophy in almost all of the world’s religions.In its simplest definition, ethics relate to knowing and doing what is ‘right. According to the Oxford Dictionary, ethics is “moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or the conducting of an activity”. By being moral, you are doing what is ‘right’.The problem of ethical behavior comes from defining what is ‘right’. As mentioned above, ‘right’ or indeed good deeds can depend on whom you ask the question. People from different cultures, religions and even from the opposite gender can view certain things as ‘right’ that others would disagree with. The definition of ethical behavior has even changed within similar cultures as society has developed and changed.Defining what the ‘right’ behavior is has always been at the centre of ethics. As we’ll see later in this section, there are different valuations for correct behavior. One of the most common ways to define what’s right comes from asking a set of questions before committing to a specific behavior. According to Patricia Pinnell and Shirley Eagan from West Virginia University Extension, people use four common questions for determining the ethics of an action. These are:The child on your shoulder. Are you OK for doing the action, even if your children are watching?The front paper story. Would you feel OK if the action/behavior became the front-page story in your local newspaper?The golden rule. Are you comfortable for being on the receiving end of this action or decisions?The rule of universality. Would it be OK if everyone in the world would behave or act that way?The idea of the questions is that if you can answer yes, the action or behavior is likely an ethical one.Ethics is therefore open to interpretation. Nonetheless, there are a few defined interpretations of how ethics can be viewed, especially in terms of behavior. Below chart shows some of the common ways of defining ethics.S ituational ethicsThe ‘right’ action is dependent on the context of the situation. This means that the right action might be wrong in another context.As an example, you might be right to lie to someone when they ask your opinion, even though lying in other situations would be considered ethically wrong.Cultural relativismCulture determines what is ‘right’ and it isn’t correct to judge other cultures based on one’s own culture. What is accepted and ethical in one culture might not be so in another.A modern example is the question of animal slaughter, which in certain cultures follows a strict cultural or religious code, which might seem wrong to a Westerner.Professional ethicsThe right is determined by a code of ethics of a specific profession and people in the profession should follow these.The code of ethics, or the Hippocratic Oath, is a good example of professional ethics.Value-based ethicsA person’s personal values should guide their behavior.Everyone has a set of v alues, which they should use to determine the ‘right’ and ‘wrong’. You should always follow your inner voice when judging your own actions.Rule-based ethicsThe rules of specific group or organization determine what is right. These include the society’s rules, religion’s rules and an organization’s rules.An organization might give a guidebook that determines which behaviors are acceptable when dealing with customers, for example.Fairness-based ethicsThe ‘right’ actions and behaviors are determined by their fairness. Everyone should be treated fairly and equally.Generally, uses the ‘golden rule’ as the guiding practice. Ethical behavior is anything that doesn’t discriminate others.Ethics based on general principlesAssumption that there are generally accepted principles, which guide human behavior and therefore, determine what is right.As an example, the ‘right’ actions might occur when you put the greater good ahead of personal interest and try avoiding har ming other people.When discussing ethics, people often think ethics and morality are the same thing. But in order to understand ethical leadership, it can be beneficial to view these two concepts differently.One of the most important ethical philosophers of modern times has been John Rawls, who made a clear distinction between comprehensive moral systems and less comprehensive systems. The distinction can help better understand the idea of ethical leadership.To Rawls, the two differ in the following manner:Comprehensive moral systems cover not just one’s behavior, but also bigger issues such as where one’s place is in the universe. These moral systems would include the world’s religions, for example.Less comprehensive moral systems would only cover areas of politics, social, and economics.Therefore, morality is generally based on much broader set of values and beliefs. These can or cannot be logically coherent. Whereas ethics is based on social norms, following coherent philos ophical principles. Nonetheless, morality can form a basis for ethical leadership, such as ethical leadership.The modern context of ethical leadershipEthical leadership is essentially a leadership theory, which uses the above ethical concepts as a guide to managing subordinates. Since ethics deals with the principles of ‘right’ behavior and leadership with influencing other people to achieve goals, ethical leadership is influencing people through ethics.The rise of ethical leadership can be traced back to the scandals inside the corporate world in recent decades. The fall of big organizations such as Enron and the Lehman Brothers has partly been blamed for unethical behavior and therefore, there’s been a call for a more ethical leadership to appear. In a qualitative study published in 2010, Plinio, Young and Lavery concluded the lack of ethical leadership and poor ethical behavior is among the biggest problems modern organizations face.Ethical leadership is considered to be on e solution for creating a balance between the wellbeing of the subordinates and the wider community, and the organizations profitability. The theory understands the importance of trust and good relationships. In essence, modern ethical leadership theory places importance on the idea of service. The theory is therefore somewhat close to Robert Greenleaf’s concept of servant leadership. Greenleaf wrote in 1977, in his famous book Servant Leadership, “Service to followers is the primary responsibility of leaders and the essence of ethical leadership”.Ethical leadership often takes the form of three separate approaches to leadership. The three have historical and philosophical foundations and all three emphasize different aspects in decision-making.First approach is Utilitarianism Theory, which sees the leader maximizing the welfare of the subordinates. The focus is on ensuring the subordinates feel good and are happy, before deciding on an action. Concern is on the proper ends of the action, not necessarily on how you get there. The approach is closely associated with John Stuart Mill and the ethical cost-benefit analysis.The second approach focuses on the Libertarianism Theory. The leader is to protect the freedom of the individuals as the main concern. If an action or decision would restrain the subordinate’s freedom, then the leader would not proceed with the course of action. The concern is on the intent of individuals. The approach follows Aristotle’s idea of virtue ethics or eudaimonism.Finally, the last approach to leadership emphasizes Immanuel Kant’s Ethical Theory of doing the right thing. The approach to decision-making is therefore looking at the proper means. Moral and ethical actions come from understanding what are the rules and customs of the organization and following these. The idea is that by understanding these common, agreed values, a leader can make the right decisions.In the modern context, ethical leadership theories often emph asize either one of the above approaches or a mixture of the three. Importantly, ethical leadership requires a leader to act and lead in an ethical way. This generally means ethical leadership is both visible and invisible. Leader’s actions should show in public and give reassurance to subordinates about the ethical behavior, but the leader must also think in an ethical manner. The leadership theory requires the leader to have ethics as an integral part of their everyday framework.Ethical leadership should also be understood through the lens of its influence over other leadership theories. Being ethical is a core part of other leadership styles and a strong ethical foundation is required for styles such as transformational and charismatic leadership. While strong ethical outlook is required for these leadership theories, ethical leadership places the biggest emphasis on implementing ethical values to every aspect of leadership.In their 2006 analysis of ethical leadership, Michael E. Brown and Linda K. Treviño compared ethical leadership with other notable leadership theories. While the similarities are often clear, Brown and Treviño concluded that, “ethical leaders explicitly focus attention on ethical standards through communication and accountability processes”. It’s precisely this aspect of ethical leadership that separates it from authentic, charismatic and transformational leadership.THE CORE ELEMENTS OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIPThe above explored the concept of ethical leadership and how the theory has developed in modern context. Let’s now turn our attention to the core elements of ethical leadership. What does it mean to lead in an ethical manner?Components of ethical leadership frameworkThe above showed how ethics and ethical behavior could manifest in a number of different ways. The idea of ‘doing the right thing’ can depend on your approach and whether you focus on the means or the end goals, for example. Therefore, ethical leadership requi res a solid framework to work. There are three core components of the ethical leadership framework:Internal uniformity â€" Different elements within the organization must be ethically consistent and not have contradictions.Proactivity â€" The framework should tell people what to do, instead of outlining the things you shouldn’t do. Ethical leadership framework looks forward and acts pre-emptively.Vigour  â€"The framework is regularly re-examined and updated according to the needs of the organization and the subordinates. In short, the framework is dynamic instead of a static system.Ethical framework helps a leader and the organization to make decisions and approach actions with a coherent plan, instead of having to constantly re-think and assess the situation. A framework will not provide ethical leaders with a clear decision each time, but it makes it easier to analyze the situation and to listen to other people’s opinions regarding the matter.The best way to go about creating an ethical framework requires you to follow a few simple steps. First, the leader’s ethical framework should always align with that of the organization he or she is leading. Consider the example of having to lead an organization that believes the leader should solely do decision-making, whereas you are a strong believer in collaboration. The ideologies will clash and cause problems. The exemption to the rule is a situation where the organization is seeking for a leader to change the current ethical framework.The above also points out to another important implication of ethical leadership. The leadership theory strongly encourages the leader to place the vision and mission of the organization at the core of decision-making. Therefore, the basis for the framework and decision-making should always be accomplishing and following the organizations mission statement and existing framework.The other important step is to ensure the ethical framework guiding the leadership is visible and p art of the larger conversation within the company. Ethical leadership should always be explained, as well as re-examined. Subordinates have the right to understand why decisions are made the way they are and to have their own say about things. As mentioned before, ethical leadership is not a static state; therefore, different opinions and changes within the organization will and should influence the framework and shape it to match the vision.In addition, ethical leadership should remain a shared process. This means that ethical leadership encourages and empowers others to take the lead. It has a big mentoring component attached to it, which calls for people to experience the difficulties of leadership. The idea of this is to guarantee an organization is never in a position where leadership is not available.Finally, ethical framework alone won’t help achieve ethical leadership. In the theory, ethical thought must always be followed by action. Holding ethical principles is not enoug h to constitute to ethical leadership. Integrating ethical leadershipIn terms of integrating ethical leadership and ethical framework into an organization, the focus on openness and communication is the key. Linda Fisher Thornton established seven practices to integrating ethical leadership into an organization in her 2013 book 7 Lenses: Learning the Principles and Practices of Ethical Leadership.#1 Facing the complexity ethical decisions bring aboutAs mentioned earlier, communication is key to ethical leadership. The framework must be outlined clearly and people should be aware of the ethical standards in use. Furthermore, the decision-making process should be openly discussed, even when it requires difficult decisions.Open communication on ethical standards and decisions will develop subordinates’ sense of ethics and can help them make better decisions as well.#2 Not separating ethics from other business activitiesThornton also highlights the importance of implementing ethical l eadership throughout the organization. Ethics shouldn’t be only considered at times of trouble or big decision-making, but rather also part of the day-to-day business.Everything within the company should be done with the ethical framework in mind. This includes training and hiring new employees, as well as making deals with other companies. If standards are not kept, the ethical leadership base, which relies on trust and example, will erode. It creates an environment where subordinates and other stakeholders won’t know what promise will be kept.#3 Not allowing negative interpersonal behaviors to erode trustFor ethical leadership to work, the leader must be able to create meaningful relationships with the subordinates. These relationships must then rely on trust, respect and open communication.Ethical leadership understands the difficulties in interpersonal behavior in organizations. People’s differing opinions on ethics shouldn’t be treated with negativity, but rather cultiv ate a relationship within the organization where different views can be discussed. After all, ethical leadership relies on development and growth.#4 Seeing ethics beyond laws and regulationsWhile one aspect of ethics clearly believes that ethical behavior can be determined by the focus on following laws and regulations, ethical leadership should embrace ethics more widely.Organizations shouldn’t just consider doing the right thing in terms of what the regulations say, but to express ethics in a wider framework of social justice and sustainability.#5 Not exempting subordinates from ethical expectationsJust as ethical leadership should be implemented organization-wide and in day-to-day activities, the subordinates shouldn’t be exempt from meeting the ethical expectations set by the framework.People should be aware of the framework and the ethical behavior that is paramount for the team, and they should behave accordingly.#6 Celebrating positive ethical momentsAlthough it’s impor tant to hold people accountable in terms of ethical behavior, the framework also requires celebrating positive achievements. Since the leadership calls for proactive behavior instead of reactive, leaders should be focusing on the positive outlook.The focus should be on implementing and enforcing the right model and framework for ethical leadership, instead of pointing out what it shouldn’t look like.#7 Understanding ethics to be a long-term developmentFinally, ethical leadership is a long-term development plan and framework. It’s not about quick fixes and it can take a long-time to develop a strong ethical behavior across an organization. Importantly, ethical leadership is never a finished process, but the framework should change with the organization and with time.As mentioned above, ethics change according to time and therefore, what the organization does now might not be considered ethical by its own standards within thirty years.THE QUALITIES OF AN ETHICAL LEADEREthical phil osophy is not a static framework people are born with. As the examples above have shown, ethical behavior can be determined in many ways. People develop internal ethical frameworks over time, with different experiences and life events influencing the ethical approach. Therefore, the qualities of ethical leaders are not innate, but rather, can be enforced and developed throughout the leader’s life.Furthermore, your life experiences can reinforce or reignite specific ethical ideas within you. Your ethical leader framework will be a constant examination of your own behaviors and qualities.In this section, we’ll examine the qualities ethical leaders highlight, before providing you with an idea of the actions an ethical leader should take in their everyday life.Before you venture into reading about the characteristics, watch the interview of Apple CEO Tim Cook explaining how he developed his ethical compass: The core characteristics of ethical leadersThere are specific characteristic s ethical leaders showcase. The traits you should focus on as an ethical leader include the following.ConscientiousStudies on ethical leadership has shown one of the most crucial traits of an ethical leader is being conscientious. Fred Walumbwa and John Schaubroeck’s research published in the Journal of Applied Psychology in 2009 and Karianne Kalshoven, Deanne Den Hartog and Annebel De Hoogh’s paper on ethical leadership, published in the Journal of Business Ethics in 2011, pointed out ethical leader’s ability to be thorough, careful and vigilant.Ethical leaders take their positions seriously and they want to succeed in their role. Furthermore, they want to help empower others and ensure the organization and subordinates they serve are succeeding. The leader focuses on the diligence and dedication to get the job done.Conscientiousness also means the leader should showcase strong moral identity. An ethical leader wants to define and think of him- or herself as a good person. Th ere is a concern present for doing the right thing and perhaps more importantly, of thinking what the right action would be.Conscientiousness and moral identity are perhaps the traits innate in an ethical leader. The willingness to consider ethics and to behave in a moral manner is something that stems from the inside and it can be hard to instill in a person. Nonetheless, as a leader, you want to start thinking about your actions more often and to consider the ethical implications of making choices.InclusiveEthical leaders are inclusive. This means that they are open to other opinions and encourage people to voice different ideas within the organization. But on top of this type of communicative and collaborative inclusiveness, ethical leaders also work with people from all sorts of backgrounds. An ethical leader understands the benefits of a diverse work environment, and therefore, wants the organization to be more inclusive of people from different ethnicities, races, cultures and backgrounds.Inclusiveness requires understanding as well as acceptance of different people and of differing opinions. An ethical leader must therefore educate him- or herself in a variety of things, such as cultures and gender identity. It’s important to be open to listen at all times without passing judgment. Perhaps importantly, an ethical leader should remember that while ideas can be criticized, people shouldn’t.AccountableAccountability is another important characteristic of an ethical leader. The responsibility of ethical leadership must be treated with respect and in a serious manner. As mentioned before, by doing what you are saying, you can show true ethical leadership and therefore build trust among the subordinates. You must, as a leader, be responsible for the actions and decisions.The modern corporate world has shown examples of the importance of accountability at the highest level. During the Enron scandal, the Chairman and CEO, Ken Lay and Jeffrey Skilling, argue d against their accountability in the context of not knowing about the illegal accounting practices.But the point isn’t as much whether these leaders actually knew or not, since they should have known because of their position. The responsibility of being in charge and ensuring the ethical standards are upheld fall ultimately on the leaders and an ethical leader would take responsibility.ConsiderateConsiderate behavior is important for an ethical leader in two separate senses. First, an ethical leader must consider all of his or her actions and find the ways to minimize harm. Indeed, Rushworth Kidder presents moral dilemmas in his book How Good People Make Tough Choices, not as a choice between right and wrong, but between two rights (or two wrongs).Ethical leaders will often be faced with situations where both actions might do good or harm, yet they have to be considerate of choosing the ‘best’ solution for the situation, keeping in mind the overall ethical framework of his o r her leadership and the vision of the organization.The second type of consideration requires the proper treatment of subordinates and other stakeholders. The characteristics of treating people with fairness and honesty might seem rather obvious, but it’s, nonetheless, an important trait a leader would want to focus on. The key thing to remember is that the saying, “everyone is equal”, does not mean that each subordinate is the same. Rather, the saying implies that the worth of each subordinate should never be different in the eyes of the leader.ConsistentAll of the above traits are enhanced by consistency. As mentioned above, ethical leadership framework must be present at all times and an ethical leader must showcase consistency in his or her approach. An ethical leader can inspire the workforce by staying true to his or her own ethical standards. Rules and regulations shouldn’t be seen as an obstacle you could bend if the situation requires it. As a leader, you shouldn’ t high higher standards in a specific field, such as labor standards, if you are willing to overlook certain other regulations, such as environmental standards.Consistency is also required in the way you treat subordinates and stakeholders. You must outline the rules and the ethical framework and hold on to these standards when you deal with people. You can’t tell off someone for doing something you wouldn’t punish for in another situation.AuthoritativeEthical leaders must learn to be authoritative and to use his or her power. But there are important distinctions in how autocratic or authoritarian leaders use power and how ethical leaders control the subordinates. Whereas in the more authoritarian models decision-making is in the hands of the leader, in ethical leadership there must be collaboration in the process. It doesn’t mean that the ethical leader wouldn’t be in charge of the final decision, but only implies the authority is structured in a way other people can share it with the leader.Importantly, there is a distinction in the use of power. In his book, Escape from Freedom, Erich Fromm distinguished two separate ideas of power. First, there is the power over, which allows leaders to use subordinates in order to achieve an end. Power to means the ends can be achieved without using one’s power to force others in doing something. Notice the latter doesn’t mean leaders wouldn’t need help, for instance, but only that others don’t act through coercion or force.Power for an ethical leader is about the latter option. The focus is to achieve the ends, not to gain personal accomplishments or to prove you are better than others. In essence, ethical leaders use authority as a mean to empower others and sharing responsibilities and power is seen as a means to increase the chances of success.Key actions of ethical leadersIn addition to the above traits, ethical leaders also engage in specific actions as part of their leadership. Below are some of the things an ethical leader should focus on in order to improve his or her ethical behavior and build more trust with the subordinates.Creating I-Thou relationshipsFor the organization to work, positive relationships are required. Ethical leadership focuses on relationships that rely on respect and trust, even when there isn’t always agreement. It’s important to trust each member within the team, even if you don’t always agree with the decisions. German philosopher and theologian Martin Buber called these as I-Thou relationships. The distinction between the I-Thou relationships and the I-It relationships is explained on slide 8 of the following presentation.[slideshare id=15576061doc=chapter9-121210133609-phpapp01w=640h=330]The ethical leader must embrace subordinates as valuable and important to the organization and its success. There must be a level of respect, even if the leader doesn’t always see eye-to-eye with the person.In order to create the I-Thou dialogue and relatio nship, the leader must treat subordinates with trust and respect. This requires honesty in saying what needs to be said. Whilst ethical leader never wants to intentionally hurt anyone, the leader should not sugar-coat things either. If you are honest and you respect other people’s opinion, they will respond with the trust.As a leader, you must also place the interests of the organization before your own self-interest. You can’t expect respect from subordinates or other stakeholders, if your decisions are based on what is good for you. The accountability factor plays a crucial role in this aspect, as you need to be willing to put yourself on the line if it’s in the interest of the organization and the common good.Setting up proper communication and collaboration channelsCommunication and collaboration are the cornerstones of ethical leadership. An ethical leader must set up proper communication channels to allow feedback to fly in both directions. With proper communication come s less rumors, suspicion and ultimately resentment, as people can be more aware of what is happening around them. Creating an open culture and one that enforces explanations will help build more trust and respect among the theme.In order to have proper communication, you should improve your overall communication skills. This includes understanding the importance of verbal and non-verbal communication and to strive for clarity in expression.In addition to communication, you want to pay attention to collaboration. Collaboration means asking for ideas and channeling power to other people. If you allow people to take the lead and you trust their ability to make good choices, you will gain further respect.Harness your communication skills by watching this video. Striving to increase your competenceLeaders must be competent and knowledgeable, as this is the main reason they are trusted in the first place. Ethical leaders should be striving to increase their competence and to enhance their own skillset â€" just as they should expect the subordinates do.In part, this might require you to admit your shortcomings. You should forget about the notion that showing imperfections is a sign of weakness, and instead celebrate your ability to admit you need help. Delegating is not a dirty word in ethical leadership. You should never accept responsibilities or tasks as a leader you are not competent in doing.Furthermore, you need to continuously educate yourself and discuss the industry and the leadership position with other leaders. You want to enhance your understanding of the organization and everything relating to the industry, but also improve your ability to be ethical and to lead other people.Re-examining your ethical behavior and valuesBy now you should have understood that ethical leadership is a journey, which doesn’t finish. Ethical leaders don’t wake up one day and feel they’ve become ‘the best they can be’. Rather you need to be constantly prepared to re-e xamine and re-evaluate your own behavior and the ethical framework you adhere to.Consider your values and ethics regularly and allow yourself to be challenged. Don’t defend your arguments or behavior blindly, but openly consider you might have to learn something new. Don’t give up on your high standards in the face of adversity. Remind yourself and others around you of the benefits of ethical behavior and the things you’ve been able to achieve and accomplish with ethical behavior.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIPEthical leadership has been closely scrutinized, perhaps because of its nature to focus on such grandiose concepts such as ethics. While it has a number of tangible advantages, the leadership theory is not always the best approach to solving organizational problems.Advantages of ethical leadershipPerhaps the biggest advantage of ethical leadership is how it leads to better rates of job satisfaction, which in turn improves employee commitment. In the 20 09 study, Walumbwa and Schaubroeck found employees under ethical leadership to be less likely to leave the job and overall, the employees were more happy and helpful.The increased job satisfaction is driven by the leadership theory’s focus on communication and collaboration. An employee won’t feel out of line for expressing their opinion and the relationship between the people in higher ranks and the people in lower positions is based on mutual respect. Each individual is treated with respect and the work they do is appreciated.Furthermore, since ethical leaders lead by example, the helpful behavior is likely to spread across the organization. Ethical leaders shape the organization and therefore, the organization will attract people whose own moral and ethical framework is similar to that of the leader and the organization. In fact, David Mayer et al found in a study published in 2012 that ethical leadership reduces unethical behavior in subordinates. Therefore, the leadership t heory has a powerful impact across the whole society.The strong ethical framework and leadership example can also help ensure employees report on problems quicker. Issues that might not arise otherwise can become something subordinates feel compelled to discuss with the leadership, which can guarantee the organization won’t run into troubles later. For instance, in companies such as Enron, a stronger ethical framework would have alerted the leadership about the wrongdoing (assuming they didn’t know about it).Ethical leadership can also provide an additional collaborative benefit to an organization. As mentioned above, ethical leadership framework embraces collaboration and this doesn’t just imply co-operation within the organization. Ethical companies also collaborate with other organizations that share the same ethical framework. The open approach to dealing with other organizations and being a trustworthy partner can boost innovation within the organization.Overall, the lead ership model can reduce business liability and prevent costly errors within the organization. In fact, a Harvard Business Review summarized a study, which found that good leadership could boost a company’s bottom line. Employees, who marked their CEOs higher for character qualities, saw the organization have an average return on assets of 9.35% over a two-year period. This was almost five times the average return of the organizations with lower character ratings.Disadvantages of ethical leadershipDespite the positive elements ethical leadership can provide to an organization, it arguable can cause issues as well. Ethical leadership requires the leader’s ethical framework to fall in line with the vision of the organization. But it’s not just the leader and the organization that need to be aligned, the subordinates can find it difficult working in an environment with certain ethical standards. You should be aware by now that ethical behavior depends on the person’s worldview a nd therefore, ethical behavior of an organization might not be considered ethical by another person. The different ethical frameworks can cause tension within an organization and therefore, certain people might not find the environment pleasant or welcoming.Furthermore, ethical leadership can be rather dependent on the leader’s ability to influence. In a way, ethical leadership has charismatic leadership tendencies, which means people might be following the leader without a critical approach. This can mean that employees trust the leader so much, they forget about the leader’s humanity â€" meaning they are blind to any mistakes or problems. For an organization, a blue-eyed approach to following the leader can be devastating in terms of making the right decisions.Ethics are difficult and upholding high ethical standards at all times can be extremely complicated. The so-called grey areas are more than likely to arise and cause issues. The problem for organization is upholding ethi cs while trying to maintain a positive bottom line. In certain situations, such as keeping up with regulations, the costs can go up and therefore make ethical leadership financially harmful for the business. The downsides in terms of finances tend to be short-term, but the short-term impact can be crucial for new companies, for example.With ethical leadership, organizations are going to have to pay more attention to policies. Clarity is paramount for the leadership model and this can mean the need for clear and coherent policies, rules and regulations. The more detailed the policies, the easier it is to guarantee proper ethical standards are upheld. But this can mean plenty of extra work, especially at the start. The rigorous clarity and consistency could be challenging, especially for smaller organizations.Finally, as eluded above, the requirements for consistency could act as a drawback. Ethical leadership can be difficult to maintain, but if you step out of the framework once, yo u can damage the respect earned with your subordinates and other stakeholders. Claiming to be an ethical leader and not acting in an ethical manner could be worse than following another framework but implementing ethical behaviors in occasionally.EXAMPLES OF FAMOUS ETHICAL LEADERSTo highlight ethical leadership in the real world, we’ve gathered a few examples of ethical leaders. Through these examples you can see how ethical leadership works in practice and perhaps notice better the advantages and disadvantages it entails.James Burke / JJJames Burke is often one of the first examples of ethical leader people give and when you understand the story, you understand why. Burke’s ethical leadership highlights the difficulties of the corporate world and the need of creating a trust-based relationship with the organizations customers.Burke’s ethical leadership became evident during a Tylenol Crisis his company JJ faced in the fall of 1982. Burke took immediate action to have all the company’s Tylenol capsules removed across the country, although this created a large financial loss for the organization. He went even further than that. He allowed the media to follow company meetings, he spoke on several occasions on TV and he introduced new protections to the way the organization packaged its products. The costs weren’t added to the price, but were absorbed by the organization.In an interview for a 2004 book Lasting Leadership, Burke said,“You tell me any human relationship that works without trust, whether it is a marriage or a friendship or a social interaction; in the long run, the same thing is true about business.”Tony Hsieh / ZapposTony Hsieh has achieved meteoric success with his online shoe retailer Zappos. The organization started in 1999 and turned the retailer market upside down. The success can partly be put down to Hsieh’s ability to put ethics at the core of what the company does.David Henderson interviewed Hsieh for his book Making News i n the Digital Era and the ethical revolutionary pointed out two important parts of leadership. First, the company knew it had to embrace transparency â€" it wouldn’t achieve its objectives by trying to hide from its customers. Second, Zappos has tried to create a company culture on core values.Hsieh made an interesting point about core values in the interview stating,“It doesn’t really matter what the core values are, as long as the entire organization commits to those core values. The most important thing in any large organization is alignment [around values and vision].”Howard Schultz / StarbucksStarbucks has consistently appeared on the World’s Most Ethical Companies list by the Ethisphere Institute. Large part of the company’s ethical approach to making business has stemmed from its leader Howard Schultz, who has always put employee wellbeing at the heart of the organization.Schultz wanted to ensure all employees receive access to healthcare, even if they work part-t ime for the organization. The coffee is sourced ethically and there is emphasis on sustainability throughout the business, from choosing business partners to providing the service to customers.The company’s leader has also received personal accolades, continuously ranking high on the Glassdoor’s list of Highest Rated CEOs. Schultz has been recognized for understanding that great customer service starts from happy employees. Through ethical leadership, he has been able to inspire employees to serve better.Interestingly, Starbucks is also a good example of the scrutiny ethical leadership brings about. Because the company has set such high standards to itself, protesters regularly point out to any problems the company might have in meeting its targets.You should watch the start of this interesting talk with Howard Schultz at the 2012 Aspen Ideas Festival. The conversation tries to answer the questions “Can corporate values drive shareholder value?” The whole video is rather lon g, but the starting minutes are the most crucial to understanding ethical leadership. FINAL THOUGHTSEthics is part of the discussion when it comes to leadership, as leaders and organizations have to make ethical choices every day. The kind of role these ethical decisions take within the organization naturally depend on the leadership style and the vision the company wants to use. Ethical leadership is a model, which emphasizes the importance of ethics in decision-making and highlights the positive impact the leadership style can have.Ethical leadership is based on trust and respect. For the framework to work, ethical leaders must align their own ethical standards with those of the organization and ensure there is an environment of openness. Ethics isn’t a stagnant concept, but it requires constant challenging and re-evaluation in order to provide the benefits.But the dynamic nature of the leadership theory also makes ethical leadership challenging to accomplish. Consistency can be difficult to maintain and aligning different ethical standards will be crucial for leadership success. Nonetheless, having a well-thought ethical framework can help in the decision-making process, especially in today’s complex world. 55 â€" Ethical Leadership Guide Definition, Qualities, Pros Cons, Examples

Structured Report Example

A structured report is an essay that uses a certain structure in order to present a report on a particular issue. The use of structured data allows the reader to analyze the scale of a problem under discussion more precisely. As a rule, a structured report consists of the introductory paragraph, main body, and conclusion. Most commonly, a structured report is used in social studies, business, economy, or geography areas. The structured report example demonstrates the proper structure and use of data needed to be presented in most structured reports. Homelessness has been a hot issue throughout the whole US history. According to the US law, a person is considered homeless if he or she does not have a constant place for sleep. Such people have the right to stay in the public or private shelters. About 550 thousand people (one in the seven-hundredth resident of the country) in the US have been identified as homeless in 2015 (The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2016). The lack of affordable housing and assistance programs to the poor are the most significant causes of the homeless population growth in the US. Another important reason for homelessness is a domestic violence. According to the Ford Foundation research, approximately 50% of all homeless women and children were victims of beatings or other forms of violence in their own family (Zorza, 1991). However it is, the level of homelessness significantly decreased for the last 15 years, which shows that US social policies are on the right way now. Fifteen years ago, US social protection policy was not able to completely solve the problem of homelessness. A study conducted by the U.S. Conference of Mayors in 2001, reveals that in 27 major cities, among those people who asked for shelters about 37% have not received assistance since the shelters were overcrowded (Hunger and Homelessness Up Sharply in Major U.S. Cities, 2001). The number of such cases in 2001 increased by 11% compared with the previous year, while the number of places in shelters has changed slightly. The same indicators on the situation of homeless families were even worse that year: the administrations of shelters refused to lodge for about 52% of the families seeking help. The number of homeless people simply was much higher than the number of places in shelters. What is more, it is known that homeless shelters are the predominantly urban phenomenon. Outside the big cities, there almost were no shelters, although homeless people were present there as well. In fact, many homeless people were forced to seek temporary shelter among their relatives and friends, constantly changing their place of residence. This category of people is mostly not considered as homeless. According to the US Department of Education report, in 2000 only 35% of homeless children and young people were living in shelters; 34% lived alternately in the relatives or friends house, and 23% lived in cheap hotels (The U.S. Department of Education, 2004). Taking the given data all together becomes clear that the US were far from providing all the needed resources for decreasing the homelessness level 15 years ago. According to estimates of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, during the last few years, the number of homeless people in the US, is markedly reduced (The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2013). At the end of January 2013, about 610,000 homeless were registered in the US. It is 4% lower in than it was in 2012. The number of homeless veterans has decreased more significantly: by 6%, there were about 58,000 of them. The number of so-called chronic homeless people and homeless families reduced as well. References Hunger and Homelessness Up Sharply in Major U.S. Cities. (2001). usmayors.org. Retrieved 20 September 2016, from http://usmayors.org/pressreleases/documents/hunger_121101.asp The U.S. Department of Education,. (2004). Education for Homeless Children and Youth Program. Washington, DC. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development,. (2016). The State of Homelessness in America (p. 7). Washington, DC: National Alliance to End Homelessness. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development,. (2013). The 2013 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress. Zorza, Joan. Woman Battering: A Major Cause of Homelessness, in Clearinghouse Review vol. 25, no. 4, 1991.

Sweet Baby Shower Blessings

Baby showers are the most precious moments in the life of a to-be mother. She is filled with thoughts about her life being about to spin out of control. But a baby shower reminds her of the joys of motherhood. It is an occasion where friends and family members bestow their blessings and bring their good wishes. Here are some baby shower sayings to eloquently essay your thoughts if you are in a dilemma as to what to write on that baby shower card you just bought. Personalize your gifts and cards with these baby shower sayings. These lovely baby shower sayings will certainly linger on in everybodys memories. Baby Shower Blessings Mark TwainA soiled baby with a neglected nose cannot be conscientiously regarded as a thing of beauty.H. Jackson Brown, Jr.Always kiss your children goodnight - even if theyre already asleep.Jean LiedloffA babys cry is precisely as serious as it sounds.Carole TabronA crying baby is the best form of birth control.Elinor Goulding SmithIt sometimes happens, even in the best of families, that a baby is born. This is not necessarily cause for alarm. The important thing is to keep your wits about you and borrow some money.Marion C. GarrettyMother love is the fuel that enables a normal human being to do the impossible.Sophia LorenWhen you are a mother, you are never alone in your thoughts. A mother always has to think twice, once for herself and once for her child.Ed HoweFamilies with babies and families without babies are sorry for each other.Rick BraggThis is a place where grandmothers hold babies on their laps under the stars and whisper in their ears that the lights in the sky are holes in the floor of heaven.AnonymousThis baby is your blessing,I wish happiness in every way,Good luck God bless,I sayAnd many blessings and wishes,To welcome baby into your life todayJarod KintzI haven’t the faintest idea how babies are born, probably because I fainted on the day I was born.Henry David ThoreauEvery child begins the world again.Jarod KintzI’m not opposed to new people, I just don’t like their packaging (diapers).Carl SandburgA baby is God’s opinion that the world should go on.Don HerroldBabies are such a nice way to start people.Patrick RothfussIve never really understood the desire people have to quantify a baby. Hes X big and Y long, As if the baby is a fish youre not sure youre going to keep. Or some prize potato youre hoping will win a prize at the county fair.AnonymousTen fingers, ten toesShes laughter and teardropsSo small and brand newAnd amazingly angelicShes sent to bless youShes one special BabyThe best of lifes treasureAnd will gr ant and bless youMany hours of great pleasure.Erica EisdorferFor having a babys sweet face so close to your own, for so long a time as it takes to nurse em, is a great tonic for a sad soul.Edwin H. ChapinNo language can express the power and beauty and heroism of a mothers love.AnonymousTake a sprinkling of fairy dust,An angels single feather,Also a dash of love and care,Then mix them both together.Add a sentiment or two,A thoughtful wish or line,A touch of stardust, a sunshine ray...Its a recipe, for a Baby Girl truly fine.John StevensonA mother does not become pregnant in order to provide employment to medical people. Giving birth is an ecstatic jubilant adventure not available to males. It is a womans crowning creative experience of a lifetime.Charles DickensI love these little people; and it is not a slight thing when they, who are so fresh from God, love us.Jodi PicoultNewborns reminded her of tiny Buddhas.Samuel HoffensteinBabies havent any hair;Old mens heads are just as bare ;Between the cradle and the graveLie a haircut and a shaveLish McBrideYou know what the great thing about babies is? They are like little bundles of hope. Like the future in a basket.Tina FeyAh, babies! They’re more than just adorable little creatures on whom you can blame your farts.